Greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioners are expected to climb as economic growth drives efforts to control both temperature and humidity, according to an analysis by scientists from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Xerox PARC.
The research, which explores the environmental impact of controlling humidity, appeared in the journal Joule as ‘Humidity’s impact on greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning’. While the energy used to power air conditioners has clear implications for greenhouse gas emissions, the impact of removing moisture from the air has escaped in-depth study until now. The researchers showed that controlling humidity is responsible for roughly half of the energy-related emissions, with the other half due to controlling temperature.
“It is a challenging problem that people have not solved since air conditioners became commonplaces more than a half-century ago,” said Jason Woods, an NREL senior research engineer and co-author of the new study.
The researchers pointed out that the increasing need to cool the air is both a cause and an effect of climate change.
Even a small amount of moisture in the air can cause people to feel uncomfortable and even damage buildings in the form of mold and mildew. Furthermore, controlling indoor humidity through commercially available air conditioning technologies impacts the environment in three ways: they consume a considerable amount of electricity; they use and leak CFC-based refrigerants with global warming potential that is 2,000 times as potent as carbon dioxide; the manufacturing and delivery of these systems also release greenhouse gases.
The researchers calculated air conditioning is responsible for the equivalent of 1,950 million tons of carbon dioxide released annually, or 3.94 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Of that figure, 531 million tonnes come from the energy expended to control the temperature and 599 million tonnes from removing humidity. The balance of the 1,950 million tons of carbon dioxide comes from leakage of global-warming-causing refrigerants and from emissions during the manufacturing and transport of the air conditioning equipment. Managing humidity with air conditioners contributes more to climate change than controlling temperature does. The problem is expected to worsen as consumers in more countries—particularly in India, China, and Indonesia—rapidly install many more air conditioners.
“It is a good and a bad thing,” Woods said. “It is good that more people can benefit from improved comfort, but it also means a lot more energy is used, and carbon emissions are increased.”
To calculate the emissions to manage both temperature and humidity, the researchers divided the globe into a fine grid measuring one degree of latitude by one degree of longitude. Within each grid cell, the following characteristics were considered: population, gross domestic product, estimated air conditioner ownership per capita, the carbon intensity of the grid, and hourly weather. They ran nearly 27,000 simulations across the globe for representative commercial and residential buildings.
Climate change is affecting ambient temperatures and humidity around the globe, making it warmer and more humid. As part of the study, the researchers considered the impact of the changing climate on air conditioner energy use by 2050. For example, the study projects air conditioner energy use to increase by 14 per cent in the hottest climate studied (Chennai, India) and by 41 per cent in the mildest (Milan, Italy) by 2050. The increase in global humidity is projected to have a larger impact on emissions than the increase in global temperatures.
“We have already made the existing, century-old technology nearly as efficient as possible,” Woods said. “To get a transformational change in efficiency, we need to look at different approaches without the limitations of the existing one.”
Existing vapor compression technology is optimised to cool our buildings using a ‘vapor compression cycle’. This cycle uses harmful refrigerants to cool air down low enough to wring out its moisture, often over-cooling the air and wasting energy. Improving the vapor compression cycle is reaching practical and theoretical limits, thus pointing to a need to leap-frog to an entirely new way to cool and dehumidify buildings. New technologies that split this cooling and humidity control problem into two processes show the potential to improve efficiency by 40 per cent or more. One such technology space is the use of liquid desiccant-based cooling cycles such as the many liquid desiccant air conditioning technologies that NREL is currently developing with many partners, such as Emerson and Blue Frontier.
The researchers point out that the use of liquid desiccants fundamentally changes the way humidity is controlled and has a theoretical efficiency limit that is ten times higher than the vapor compression cycle alone. A hypothetical technology—at only half this new limit—would reduce cooling-energy emissions by 42 per cent in 2050, with the equivalent of avoiding 2,460 million tons of carbon dioxide annually.
